Remote marking

ABSTRACT

Remote marker systems are disclosed for marking a target using optical markers. Such systems may allow a target to be marked using a remote optical marking device. Also disclosed are photochromic solutions and methods of their preparation.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/473,640, filed May 17, 2012, which claims the benefit of priorityfrom U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/487,307, filed May 18,2011, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Systems are disclosed for marking a target using optical markers. Suchsystems may allow a target to be marked using a remote optical markingdevice.

It is noted that an optical marking system may have a variety ofapplications as described below.

Also disclosed is a photochromic solution and methods of itspreparation.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with a first aspect of the present disclosure, there isprovided a remote marking system comprising at least one marker unit andat least one target wherein said marker unit comprises at least oneemitter configured to emit at least one tracer signal and said targetcomprises at least one receiving medium configured to change its stateupon reception of said tracer signal. In certain embodiments of thedisclosure, the remote marking system enables the recording of theposition at which said tracer signal is received.

In certain embodiments of the disclosure, the emitter is configured toemit electromagnetic radiation. Optionally, the emitter emits radiationselected from the group comprising of: visible light, infrared,ultraviolet and radio waves.

In certain embodiments of the disclosure, the remote marker systemfurther comprises a concentrator configured to increase the intensity ofthe tracer signal. Optionally, the concentrator comprises a beamfocusing device such as a converging lens, a concave reflector, an arrayof angled reflectors and the like.

In certain embodiments of the disclosure, the receiving medium comprisesa photosensitive material. Optionally, the photosensitive material isselected from the group comprising: photochromic materials,photoluminescent materials, phosphorescent materials, thermochromicmaterials and polarising materials. Optionally, the photosensitivematerial comprises a matrix of photosensitive electronic componentsselected from the group comprising: photodiodes, photovoltaic cells,photodetectors, photomultipliers and photoconductors.

In certain embodiments of the disclosure, the target comprises at leastone target region comprising a receiving medium configured to change itsappearance in a detectable manner upon reception of said tracer signal.Optionally, the target comprises a plurality of target regions, whereina first target region comprises a first receiving medium selected suchthat upon reception of said tracer signal, said first receiving mediumchanges its appearance in a first detectable manner that is distinctfrom a second receiving medium of at least one other target region.Optionally, the target comprises at least one receiving medium selectedsuch that upon reception of said tracer signal, the color of thereceiving medium changes to a color selected from a group consisting ofred, blue, green, black, grey, cyan, magenta, yellow, white andcombinations thereof.

In certain embodiments of the disclosure, the target comprises aplurality of target regions, each of said target region comprising: (1)a first receiving medium selected such that upon reception of saidtracer signal, the color of at least a section of said target regionturns red; (2) a second receiving medium selected such that uponreception of said tracer signal, the color of at least a section of saidtarget region turns green; (3) a third receiving medium selected suchthat upon reception of said tracer signal, the color of at least asection of said target region turns blue; and (4) a fourth receivingmedium selected such that upon reception of said tracer signal, thecolor of at least a section of said target region turns black.

In other embodiments of the disclosure, the target comprises a pluralityof target regions, each of said target region comprising: (1) a firstreceiving medium selected such that upon reception of said tracersignal, the color of at least a section of said target region turnscyan; (2) a second receiving medium selected such that upon reception ofsaid tracer signal, the color of at least a section of said targetregion turns magenta; (3) a third receiving medium selected such thatupon reception of said tracer signal, the color of at least a section ofsaid target region turns yellow; and (4) a fourth receiving mediumselected such that upon reception of said tracer signal, the color of atleast a section of said target region turns black.

In certain embodiments of the disclosure, the above remote marker systemis incorporated into a device for providing a demonstration in a sciencecenter.

In certain embodiments of the disclosure, the above remote marker systemis incorporated into a device for providing a demonstration in a sciencecenter, a visual display unit, a harmonograph, a toy, a flow monitor ora writing apparatus.

In a second aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a target for usein the remote marker system of the first aspect of the disclosure. Incertain embodiments of the disclosure, the target is provided toindicate the locations of stray shots fired from the remote markers ofthe remote marker system and aimed towards an objective.

In a third aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a method fortracing the trajectory of a remote marker comprising the steps of: (1)providing the remote marking system of the first aspect of thedisclosure, comprising at least one marker unit and at least one targetcomprising a receiving medium configured to change its state uponreception of said tracer signal; and (2) emitting a tracer signal fromthe marker unit such that the target region records the position atwhich said tracer signal is received.

In a fourth aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a remote markingsystem comprising at least one marker unit, at least one target and atleast one concentrator wherein said marker unit comprises at least oneemitter configured to emit at least one low intensity tracer signal;said target region comprises at least one receiving medium configured tochange its state upon reception of a high intensity tracer signalthereby recording the position at which said high intensity tracersignal is received; and said concentrator is configured to transform alow intensity tracer signal to a high intensity tracer signal.

In certain embodiments of the disclosure, the emitter is configured toemit electromagnetic radiation. Optionally, the emitter emits radiationselected from the group comprising: visible light, infrared, ultravioletand radio waves.

In certain embodiments of the disclosure, the receiving medium comprisesa photosensitive material. Optionally, the photosensitive material isselected from the group comprising: photochromic materials,photoluminescent materials, phosphorescent materials, thermochromicmaterials and polarising materials. Optionally, the photosensitivematerial comprises a matrix of photosensitive electronic componentsselected from the group comprising: photodiodes, photovoltaic cells,photodetectors, photomultipliers and photoconductors.

In certain embodiments, of the disclosure, the concentrator comprises abeam focusing device such as a converging lens, a concave reflector, anarray of angled reflectors and the like.

In certain embodiments of the disclosure, the marker unit comprises anextended emitter operable to emit a low intensity tracer signal over anextended region and said concentrator is configured to focus said lowintensity signal such that it is incident upon a concentrated region ofsaid receiving medium. Optionally, the extended emitter comprises a highintensity emitter and a beam disperser such as a diverging lens, convexreflector, an array of angled reflectors and the like. Optionally, theextended emitter comprises an array of low intensity emitters, and theconcentrator comprises said array of low intensity emitters being angledtowards a concentrated region of said receiving medium. Optionally, thelow intensity tracer signal has an intensity below a first threshold.Optionally, the first threshold is selected to be safe. Optionally, thehigh intensity tracer signal has an intensity above a second thresholdthat is higher than the first threshold. Optionally, the secondthreshold is selected to be such that the high intensity tracer signalis of an intensity sufficient to change the state of the receivingmedium.

In a fourth aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a remote markingsystem comprising at least one marker unit and at least one extendedtarget wherein said marker unit comprises at least one emitterconfigured to emit at least one tracer signal; and said extended targetcomprises at least one receiving medium configured to change its stateupon reception of a high intensity tracer signal thereby recording theposition at which said high intensity tracer signal is received.

In certain embodiments of the disclosure, the emitter is configured toemit a low intensity tracer signal, and the remote marking systemfurther comprises a concentrator configured to focus the low intensitytracer signal upon at least a section of said target region with a highintensity.

In certain embodiments of the disclosure, the extended target comprisesat least a first receiving medium selected such that upon reception ofthe tracer signal, at least a section of the extended target changes itsappearance in a detectable manner. Optionally, the extended targetfurther comprises at least a second receiving medium selected such thatupon reception of said tracer signal, at least a section of saidextended target changes its appearance in a second detectable mannerdifferent from that of the first receiving medium.

In certain embodiments of the disclosure, the extended target comprisesat least one receiving medium selected such that upon reception of thetracer signal, the color of at least a section of the extended targetchanges to a color selected from a group consisting of red, blue, green,black, grey, cyan, magenta, yellow, white and combinations thereof.

In certain embodiments of the disclosure, the extended target comprises:(1) a first receiving medium selected such that upon reception of saidtracer signal, the color of at least a section of said target turns red;(2) a second receiving medium selected such that upon reception of saidtracer signal, the color of at least a section of said extended targetturns green; (3) a third receiving medium selected such that uponreception of said tracer signal, the color of at least a section of saidextended target region turns blue; and (4) a fourth receiving mediumselected such that upon reception of said tracer signal, the color of atleast a section of said extended target turns black.

In certain embodiments of the disclosure, the extended target is dividedinto an array of pixels.

In certain embodiments of the disclosure, the extended target isextended into three dimensions.

In certain embodiments of the disclosure, the extended target is dividedinto an array of voxels.

In certain embodiments of the disclosure, the receiving medium istranslucent.

In certain embodiments of the disclosure, the extended target isconfigured to record an image traced by said emitter.

In certain embodiments of the disclosure, the extended target isconfigured to record a three dimensional image.

In certain embodiments of the disclosure, the emitter is configured toemit electromagnetic radiation. Optionally, the emitter emits radiationselected from the group comprising: visible light, infrared, ultravioletand radio waves.

In certain embodiments of the disclosure, the receiving medium comprisesa photosensitive material. Optionally, the photosensitive material isselected from the group comprising: photochromic materials,photoluminescent materials, phosphorescent materials, thermochromicmaterials and polarising materials. Optionally, the photosensitivematerial comprises a matrix of photosensitive electronic componentsselected from the group comprising: photodiodes, photovoltaic cells,photodetectors, photomultipliers and photoconductors.

In a fifth aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a threedimensional visual display unit (VDU) comprising the remote markersystem of the fourth aspect of the disclosure.

In a sixth aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a method ofproducing three dimensional images comprising: (1) obtaining the remotemarker system of the fourth aspect of the disclosure comprising at leastone emitter configured to emit at least one tracer signal and a targetextended into three dimensions comprising at least one receiving mediumconfigured to change its state upon reception of a tracer signal; and(2) emitting a least one tracer signal from the emitter such that theyare incident upon sections of said target, said sections of said targetbeing selected such that the state of the receiving medium within saidsections is detectably altered.

In a seventh aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a flow monitorcomprising at least one marker unit comprising at least one emitterconfigured to emit at least one tracer signal towards a tracer fluid,said tracer fluid comprising at least one receiving medium configured tochange its state upon reception of a high intensity tracer signalthereby recording the position at which said high intensity tracersignal is received.

In certain embodiments of the disclosure, the flow monitor furthercomprises at least one detector operable to detect said changed state inthe receiving medium of said tracer fluid.

In certain embodiments of the disclosure, the tracer fluid comprises aflowing liquid or gas.

In certain embodiments of the disclosure, the emitter is configured toemit electromagnetic radiation. Optionally, the emitter emits radiationselected from the group comprising: visible light, infrared, ultravioletand radio waves.

In certain embodiments of the disclosure, the receiving medium comprisesa photosensitive material. Optionally, the photosensitive material isselected from the group comprising: photochromic materials,photoluminescent materials, phosphorescent materials, thermochromicmaterials and polarising materials. Optionally, the photosensitivematerial comprises a matrix of photosensitive electronic componentsselected from the group comprising: photodiodes, photovoltaic cells,photodetectors, photomultipliers and photoconductors.

In an eighth aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a method formonitoring fluid flow comprising: (1) providing the flow monitor of theseventh aspect of the disclosure comprising at least one marker unitcomprising at least one emitter configured to emit at least one tracersignal to at least one tracer fluid; (2) providing at least one tracerfluid comprising a receiving medium; (3) emitting a tracer signal fromthe emitter towards said tracer fluid; (4) detecting changes in saidtracer fluid indicating material exposed to said tracer signal; and (5)tracking the progress of the exposed material along said fluid flow.

In a ninth aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a virtual writingsystem comprising: a stylus and a touch pad configured to record thetrack of said stylus wherein said touch pad comprises: (1) at least oneprimary inductor connected to a power source via a driver, said driveroperable to supply an oscillating potential across said primaryinductor, and (2) at least one receiving medium configured to change itsoptical state upon reception of a tracer signal; and wherein said styluscomprises: (1) at least one secondary inductor configured to inductivelycouple with said primary inductor, and (2) an emitter wired to saidsecondary inductor and configured to emit a tracing signal when saidsecondary inductor is coupled to said primary inductor; such that avisible trace indicating the path of the stylus is left on the touchpad.

In certain embodiments of the disclosure, the emitter is configured toemit an electromagnetic radiation. Optionally, the electromagneticradiation is selected from the group comprising: visible light,infrared, ultraviolet and radio waves.

In certain embodiments of the disclosure, the receiving medium comprisesa photosensitive material. Optionally, the photosensitive material isselected from the group comprising: photochromic materials,photoluminescent materials, phosphorescent materials, thermochromicmaterials and polarising materials. Optionally, the photosensitivematerial comprises a matrix of photosensitive electronic componentsselected from the group comprising: photodiodes, photovoltaic cells,photodetectors, photomultipliers and photoconductors.

In a tenth aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a harmonographcomprising a pendulum and base, the pendulum comprising a pivotingapparatus, a bob and a connecting rod therebetween, the bob comprises anemitter configured to direct a tracer signal towards the base, and thebase comprising a receiving medium such that it changes its appearancedetectable upon reception of the tracer signal.

In certain embodiments of the disclosure, the emitter is configured toemit an electromagnetic radiation. Optionally, the electromagneticradiation is selected from the group comprising: visible light,infrared, ultraviolet and radio waves.

In certain embodiments of the disclosure, the receiving medium comprisesa photosensitive material. Optionally, the photosensitive material isselected from the group comprising: photochromic materials,photoluminescent materials, phosphorescent materials, thermochromicmaterials and polarising materials. Optionally, the photosensitivematerial comprises a matrix of photosensitive electronic componentsselected from the group comprising: photodiodes, photovoltaic cells,photodetectors, photomultipliers and photoconductors.

In certain embodiments, the base unit comprises a primary inductorconnected to a power source via a driver and the bob comprises asecondary inductor connected to the emitter via a regulator, such thatthe proximity of the bob to the base unit activates the emitter.

In certain embodiments, the emitter is connected to a power source via aswitch, such that a user controls when the tracer signal is emitted.

In an eleventh aspect of the disclosure, there is provided aphotochromic solution comprising a photochromic material and a solvent.

In certain embodiments, the photochromic material is a photochromic dyecomprising a spiro-oxazine compound, a naphthopyran compound,spiropyrans compound, a triarylmethane compound, a stilbene compound, anazastilbene compound, a nitrone compound, a fulgide compound, adiarylethylene compound or a quinine compound.

In certain embodiments, the solvent is an organic solvent. Optionally,the organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of ahydrocarbon, an oil, a paraffin oil, mineral oil, kerosene, a polaraprotic solvent, an ether, a polar protic solvent, benzene, toluene,xylene, hexane, chloroform, methylene chloride, carbon disulfide,dimethyl sulfoxide, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl acetate,acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, methanol, ethanol, methylcellosolve, ethyl cellosolve, and any mixture thereof. In a particularembodiment the solvent is toluene. In another particular embodiment, thesolvent is a paraffin oil. In another particular embodiment, the solventis a combination of a paraffin oil and toluene.

In certain embodiments, the photochromic solution may further comprisean antioxidant.

In certain embodiments, the photochromic solution may further comprisean ultraviolet radiation protectant (UV protectant).

In a twelfth aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a method ofpreparing a photochromic solution, the method comprising the steps of:(1) providing a starter solution comprising a photochromic material anda first solvent and (2) mixing the starting solution to a secondsolvent.

In certain embodiments, the first solvent is toluene.

In certain embodiments, the second solvent is a paraffin oil.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a better understanding of the invention and to show how it may becarried into effect, reference will now be made, purely by way ofexample, to the accompanying drawings.

With specific reference now to the drawings in detail, it is stressedthat the particulars shown are by way of example and for purposes ofillustrative discussion of the preferred embodiments of the presentinvention only, and are presented in the cause of providing what isbelieved to be the most useful and readily understood description of theprinciples and conceptual aspects of the invention. In this regard, noattempt is made to show structural details of the invention in moredetail than is necessary for a fundamental understanding of theinvention; the description taken with the drawings making apparent tothose skilled in the art how the several forms of the invention may beembodied in practice.

FIG. 1A shows a remote marking system comprising a marker unit and atarget.

FIG. 1B shows a target comprising a matrix of photosensitive electroniccomponents.

FIG. 1C shows a target comprising a matrix of pixels, each pixelcomprising a plurality of sections, each section having a receivingmedium, each receiving medium having individual characteristics.

FIG. 2A shows a target with multiple target regions.

FIG. 2B shows a training apparatus for novice writers.

FIG. 3A shows a remote marking system comprising a marker unit, aconcentrator and a target.

FIG. 3B shows a remote marking system comprising a marker unit withmultiple emitters, a concentrator and a target.

FIG. 4A shows a three dimensional display device.

FIG. 4B shows a voxel of a three dimensional display device.

FIG. 5A shows a flow monitor.

FIG. 5B shows an alternative flow monitor.

FIG. 6A shows an electronic signature capture device.

FIG. 6B shows an electronic signature capture device with an inductivepower couple.

FIG. 7A shows a harmonograph.

FIG. 7B shows a harmonograph.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Receiving Medium

The receiving medium may be, or comprise, a photosensitive material suchas photochromic materials, photoluminescent materials, phosphorescentmaterials, thermochromic materials, polarising materials or the like.The material used for the receiving medium is typically selected suchthat a detectable trace mark is left when the receiving medium isexposed to a tracer signal.

The photosensitive material may have a characteristic half-life thatdetermines the time taken for the trace mark to fade. The receivingmedium may be selected with a half-life suitable to allow the tracingapparatus to self-erase over a desired time period for repeated use.

The receiving medium may be a liquid at room temperature. The liquid maybe viscous or non-viscous. In certain embodiments, the receiving may bea solid at room temperature. In certain embodiments, the receivingmedium may be added to other materials such as paint. In certainembodiments, the receiving medium may be incorporated into othermaterials, such as paper, plastic, epoxy or polymer. The receivingmedium may be in a solid form, crushed into a powder, and added to aliquid, such that a suspension if formed. The receiving medium may be ina liquid form, added to a second liquid that is not miscible with thereceiving medium and mixed such that a colloid is formed.

The photosensitive material may comprise a matrix of photosensitiveelectronic components selected from the group comprising: photodiodes,photovoltaic cells, photodetectors, photomultipliers andphotoconductors.

Photochromic Solution

In certain embodiments, the receiving medium may be a photochromicsolution comprising a photochromic material and a solvent

Various photochromic materials and solvents are known in the art.

The photochromic material may be, or comprise, a photochromic dyecomprising a spiro-oxazine (alternatively spiroxazine) compound, anaphthopyran compound, spiropyrans compound, a triarylmethane compound,a stilbene compound, an azastilbene compound, a nitrone compound, afulgide compound, a diarylethylene compound, a quinine compound or anycombination thereof. Particular examples of a photochromic dye includeNCC® photochromic dyes (OP12—purple, OP13—sky blue, OP14—blue,OP16—yellow, OP17—orange, OP19—magenta and OP22—grey) from New PrismaticEnterprise Co., Ltd., Taiwan). Other examples of a photochromic dyeinclude the Reversacol™ photochromic dyes from Vivimed Labs Europe Ltd.Other examples of a photochromic dye include LCR Hallcrest™ photochromicdyes (BL1—blue, R19—magenta, O17—orange, P1—purple, R1—red, Y1—yellow)from Hallcrest, Glenview, Ill. Other examples of a photochromic dyeinclude Sands Effect® photochromic dyes (MSA6553—yellow, MSA6554—orange,MSA6556—red, MSA6557—blue, MSA6558—royal blue, MSA6559—violet) from H.W.Sands Corp., Jupiter, Fla.

The solvent may be an organic solvent. The organic solvent may beselected from the group consisting of a hydrocarbon, an oil, a paraffinoil, a polar aprotic solvent, an ether, a polar protic solvent,kerosene, mineral oil, benzene, toluene, xylene, hexane, chloroform,methylene chloride, carbon disulfide, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetone,methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran,dioxane, methanol, ethanol, methyl cellosolve, ethyl cellosolve, and anymixture thereof.

In a particular embodiment, the solvent is toluene.

In another particular embodiment, the solvent is a paraffin oil.

In another particular embodiment, the solvent is a combination of aparaffin oil and toluene.

The term “paraffin oil” is used herein to denote an oil typicallycomprising hydrocarbons, for example, alkenes with the general formulaC_(n)H_(2n+2) (if in linear form) that is typically in a liquid state atroom temperature. Paraffin oil may also be referred to as liquidparaffin. These terms may include mineral oil, nujol, adepsine oil,alboline, glymol, medicinal paraffin, or saxol.

The receiving medium may further comprise an antioxidant. There are manyantioxidants known in the art. In certain embodiments, the receivingmedium may further comprise an ultraviolet radiation protectant (UVprotectant). There are many UV protectants known in the art.

In certain embodiments of the disclosure, the receiving medium comprisesa photochromic dye dissolved in a paraffin oil base. The photochromicdye may be dissolved in the paraffin oil base at a concentration (w/w)of about 0.001%, about 0.005%, about 0.01%, about 0.05%, about 0.1%,about 0.05%, about 0.75%, about 0.15%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about0.4%, about 0.5%, between 0.01 and 1%, between 0.02 and 0.5%, or between0.05 and 0.2%. The receiving medium may further comprise toluene at aconcentration (w/w) of about 0.01%, about 0.1%, about 0.5%, about 1%,about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%,about 9%, about 10%, between 1 and 10%, between 1 and 4%, between 1 and5%, between 2 and 4%, or between 2 and 6%.

In a particular embodiment of the disclosure, the receiving mediumcomprises the purple NCC® photochromic dye OP12 (“OP12”) dissolved in atoluene base. OP12 may be dissolved in the toluene base at aconcentration (w/w) of about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%,about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 10%, about 15%, between 1 and 10%,between 2 and 5%, or between 2 and 10%. The receiving medium comprisingthe photochromic material OP12 and the toluene base is described infurther detail in the Examples below.

In a particular embodiment of the disclosure, the receiving mediumcomprises OP12 dissolved in a paraffin oil base. OP12 may be dissolvedin the paraffin oil base at a concentration (w/w) of about 0.001%, about0.01%, 0.05%, about 0.075%, about 0.1%, about 0.12%, about 0.14%, about0.15%, about 0.16%, about 0.18%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%,about 0.5%, between 0.01 and 1%, between 0.02 and 0.5%, and between 0.05and 0.2%. In certain embodiments, the receiving further comprisestoluene at a concentration (w/w) of about 0.01%, about 0.1%, about 0.5%,about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%,about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, between 1 and 10%, between 1 and 4%,between 1 and 5%, between 2 and 4%, or between 2 and 6%. The receivingmedium comprising the photochromic material OP12 and the paraffin oilbase is described in further detail in the Examples below.

In a particular embodiment of the disclosure, the receiving mediumcomprises the blue NCC® photochromic dye OP14 (“OP14”) dissolved in atoluene base. OP14 may be dissolved in the toluene base at aconcentration (w/w) of about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%,about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.85%, about 0.9%,about 0.95%, about 1%, about 1.1%, about 1.2%, between 0.01 and 1%,between 0.02 and 0.5%, between 0.75 and 1.25%, between 0.8 and 1%,between 0.8 and 1.2%, or between 0.05 and 0.2%. The receiving mediumcomprising the photochromic material OP14 and the toluene base isdescribed in further detail in the Examples below.

In a particular embodiment of the disclosure, the receiving mediumcomprises OP14 dissolved in a paraffin oil base. OP14 may be dissolvedin the paraffin oil base at a concentration (w/w) of about 0.001%, about0.005%, 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.03%, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.085%, about 0.09%, about0.095%, about 0.1%, about 0.11%, about 0.12%, between 0.01 and 0.1%,between 0.02 and 0.08%, between 0.07 and 0.12%, between 0.08 and 0.1%,between 0.08 and 0.12%, and between 0.05 and 0.2%. In certainembodiments, the receiving further comprises toluene at a concentration(w/w) of about 0.01%, about 0.1%, about 0.5%, about 1%, about 2%, about3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about10%, between 1 and 10%, between 1 and 4%, between 1 and 5%, between 2and 4%, or between 2 and 6%. The receiving medium comprising thephotochromic material OP14 and the paraffin oil base is described infurther detail in the Examples below.

In a particular embodiment of the disclosure, the receiving mediumcomprises the magenta NCC® photochromic dye OP19 (“OP19”) dissolved in atoluene base. OP19 may be dissolved in the toluene base at aconcentration (w/w) of about 0.1%, about 0.05%, about 0.75%, about0.15%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, between 0.01 and1%, between 0.02 and 0.5%, or between 0.05 and 0.2%. The receivingmedium comprising the photochromic material OP19 and the toluene base isdescribed in further detail in the Examples below.

In a particular embodiment of the disclosure, the receiving mediumcomprises OP19 dissolved in a paraffin oil base. OP19 may be dissolvedin the paraffin oil base at a concentration (w/w) of about 0.001%, about0.005%, about 0.01%, about 0.05%, about 0.1%, about 0.05%, about 0.75%,about 0.15%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, between0.01 and 1%, between 0.02 and 0.5%, or between 0.05 and 0.2%. In certainembodiments, the receiving medium comprising the paraffin oil basefurther comprises toluene at a concentration (w/w) of about 0.01%, about0.1%, about 0.5%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%,about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, between 1 and 10%,between 1 and 4%, between 1 and 5%, between 2 and 4%, and between 2 and6%. The receiving medium comprising the photochromic material OP19 andthe paraffin oil base is described in further detail in the Examplesbelow.

Methods are taught for the preparation of a receiving medium comprisinga photochromic material and a paraffin oil base. The method may comprisethe steps: obtain a paraffin oil; prepare a solution of the photochromicmaterial in a toluene base; mix the photochromic material/toluenesolution and paraffin oil in amounts appropriate to achieve the desiredfinal concentration of photochromic material; heat the mixture to removethe toluene via evaporation such that the remaining composition is thephotochromic material dissolved in paraffin oil. In certain embodiments,the toluene is not fully removed. This method is described in furtherdetail in the Examples below.

Example 1 Preparation of 0.1% w/w OP19 Solution in Paraffin Oil

Test and results: 30 drops of fresh paraffin oil and 30 drops of atoluene-based OP19 solution (0.1% w/w OP19) were mixed in a metal bowl.Once the combination was mixed, the bowl was transferred to a hot plateto remove the toluene solvent via evaporation. The evaporation step wascompleted when the odour of toluene was no longer detectable. The liquidwas transferred from the metal bowl to a glass test tube. A visualcomparison of the volume of the photochromic material solution in thetest tube with a second test tube filled with 30 drops of fresh paraffinoil showed that the two volumes were equal, confirming that the toluenecompletely evaporated from the solution. Hence, the concentration of thephotochromic material in paraffin oil was approximately 0.1% w/w, thesame as it was in the original toluene solvent base.

The paraffin oil-base photochromic material solution was illuminatedthrough the side of the test tube by an ultraviolet (UV) or violetlaser. Photochromic effect was observed, as it was in the toluene-basedsolution.

Conclusions: The results establish that there is a safe, non-flammablealternative to harmful or toxic organic solvents as a medium for thephotochromic material that maintains its photochromic effect. It waspreviously thought that the photochromic material required to bedissolved in an organic solvent, because directly dissolving thephotochromic material in a non-organic solvent medium was not possible,or no photochromic effect was observed (results not shown).

Example 2 Preparation of 0.4% w/w OP19 Solution in Paraffin Oil

Preparation of OP19 solution in toluene: The preparation of a 2% w/wsolution of OP19 in toluene was tested. 0.16±0.01 grams of OP19 powderand 7.0 grams of toluene were combined into a test tube to achieve aconcentration of 2.2% w/w OP19 in toluene, i.e., 0.16 grams OP19/(7grams toluene+0.16 grams OP19). The test tube was stirred while heatingwith a hot air blower to induce the OP19 to go into solution. After theOP19 went completely into solution, the tube was cooled to 19 degreesCentigrade. Even after cooling, the OP19 stayed in solution and nocrystallization was observed. The solution was then further diluted byadding 1.2 grams of toluene to achieve a final concentration of 1.9%w/w.

Preparation of OP19 solution in light paraffin oil: In light of theavailability of the 1.9% w/w OP19 toluene-based solution, thepreparation of a paraffin oil-based solution at 0.4% w/w OP19, wasattempted. A light paraffin oil base with a maximum viscosity of 33.5centiStokes (cSt) and a density of 0.818-0.880 grams per cubiccentimetre (g/cc) was used. 2.0 grams of the light paraffin oil and 0.42grams of the 1.9% w/w toluene-based OP19 solution were mixed in a testtube. The toluene was partially removed through evaporation by heatingthe mixture with a hot air blower. A total of 0.2 grams of toluene wasremoved in this manner. After the partial removal of toluene, theconcentration toluene was 9% w/w and the concentration of the OP19 was0.36% w/w. No sedimentation of the photochromic material in the paraffinoil-based solution was observed. Exposure of the solution to a UV orviolet laser produced a strong photochromic effect.

Crystallization of OP19 after storage: After five (5) days of storage atroom temperature, both the toluene-based solution and the paraffinoil-based solution were tested for the presence of crystallizedphotochromic material. In a toluene-based solution of 1.95% w/w OP19,crystallization was observed. In the paraffin oil-based solution of0.36% w/w OP19, no crystallization was observed. By contrast, in theparaffin oil-based OP19 solution (0.1% w/w OP19) of Example 1, somecrystallization was observed.

Conclusion:

-   1. The maximum concentration of OP19 in toluene at room temperature    is close to 1.9% w/w.-   2. The maximum concentration of OP19 in paraffin oil at room    temperature is more than 0.36% w/w.

Example 3 Preparation of Paraffin Oil-Based Solution of PhotochromicMaterial OP14 (Blue)

A toluene based solution of OP14 (0.96% w/w OP14) was prepared. Aparaffin oil-based solution of OP14 was then prepared by mixing thetoluene-based OP14 solution with paraffin oil. The mixture was thenheated to remove the toluene through evaporation. When the paraffinoil-based solution with 0.1% w/w OP14 was prepared in this way, slightsedimentation was found. Another paraffin oil-based solution with 0.08%w/w OP14 was produced with the same method, but with a differentparaffin oil base (Sahar S. Srebernik & Sons; no viscosity or specificgravity data). No sedimentation was observed after removal of toluene,and no crystallization was observed after storage for two (2) days atroom temperature. Exposure of the solution to a UV or violet laserproduced a strong photochromic effect.

Conclusions:

-   1. The Sahar paraffin oil and the first paraffin oil are equally    effective for preparing the receiving medium.-   2. The maximum concentration of OP14 in paraffin oil is more than    0.08% w/w and less than 0.1% w/w.

Example 4 Preparation of OP12 Solution in Toluene

A 2% w/w solution of photochromic material OP12 in toluene wasattempted. 0.1±0.01 grams of OP12 powder was dissolved into 5.03±0.01grams of toluene in a test tube. Most of the powder dissolved and a darkpurple solution resulted, but a small amount remained out of solutionand sank to the bottom of the test tube. Exposure of the solution to anultraviolet (UV) or violet laser produced a strong photochromic effect.In order to solubilize the remaining sediment of OP12, an additional1.70 grams of toluene was added, resulting in a final concentration of1.5% OP12 w/w. A small amount of sediment remained, but gentle heatingwith a hot air blower resulted in full solubility. The presence of astrong photochromic effect was again confirmed by UV or violet laser.

Conclusion: The maximum concentration of OP12 in toluene at roomtemperature is approximately 1.4% w/w.

Example 5 Preparation of OP12 Solution in Paraffin Oil

4.5 grams of paraffin oil (Sahar) and 0.45 grams of toluene-based 1.5%w/w OP12 solution were combined in a test tube. No sedimentation of OP12was observed in either the paraffin oil or the toluene. The toluene wasthen partially removed through heating to vaporize the toluene. The testtube containing the mixture was placed on a hot-plate and allowed toreach a temperature of 170 degrees Centigrade, which resulted in asignificant amount of gas release (presumably vaporized toluene). Intotal, 0.26 grams of toluene was removed from the solution byvaporization, leaving 0.19 grams of toluene in the mixture (the original0.45 grams of the toluene-based solution—the 0.26 of toluene removed viavaporization). In the resulting mixture, the concentration of theremaining toluene was 4% w/w, i.e., 0.19 grams toluene/(0.19 gramstoluene+4.5 grams paraffin oil), and the concentration of OP12 was 0.14%w/w, i.e., 0.45 grams of the original toluene solution×1.5%/(0.19 gramstoluene+4.5 grams paraffin oil).

The OP12 remained completely in solution and no sedimentation wasobserved. After 2 days of storage at room temperature, both the paraffinoil solution (0.14% w/w OP12) and the toluene solution (1.5% w/w OP12)were free of crystals.

Conclusions:

-   1. A solution of OP12 in paraffin oil can be prepared at a    concentration of at least 0.14% w/w OP12.

Example 6 The Addition of Antioxidant and UV Protectant Additives intoToluene-Based Photochromic Material Solutions

6.7 grams of the 1.5% w/w toluene based OP12 solution containing 0.10grams OP12 (6.7 grams solution×1.5% w/w OP12 concentration=0.10 grams ofOP12) was placed in a test tube and 0.058 grams of antioxidant AO-001and 0.057 grams of UV protectant LS-UV-001 was added (In accordance withthe manufacturer recommendation that the concentration of theantioxidant or UV protectant was half of that of the photochromicmaterial in the solution). Both additives fully dissolved into thesolution. The additives AO-001 and LS-UV-001 dissolved equally well intoluene-based solutions of other photochromic materials, e.g., 2% w/wOP19 and 0.96% w/w OP14.

Example 7 The Effect of Antioxidant and UV Protectant Additives in theStability of the Photochromic Material During Long Term Storage

The 2% w/w OP19 solution in toluene with the additives AO-001 andLS-UV-001 (as described in Example 6 above) was prepared on Mar. 13,2012 and stored at room temperature. The solution was tested forphotochromic effect under UV laser on the date of preparation as well ason Apr. 10, 2012, approximately a month later. No change in the strengthof the photochromic effect was observed.

The 0.96% w/w OP14 solution in toluene with the additives AO-001 andLS-UV-001 (as described in Example 6 above) was prepared on Mar. 4, 2012and stored at room temperature. The solution was tested for photochromiceffect under UV or violet laser on the date of preparation as well as onApr. 10, 2012, approximately 5 weeks later. No change in the strength ofthe photochromic effect was observed.

Example 8 Testing the Photochromic Effect of OP12 in Paraffin Oil at aReduced Concentration of 0.05% OP12

The 0.15% w/w OP12 solution in paraffin oil (as described in Example 5was further diluted by a factor of 3. 1.6 grams of light paraffin oilwas added to 0.8 grams of the 0.15% w/w solution. The resulting paraffinoil-based solution contained OP12 at a concentration of 0.05% w/w andfurther contained toluene at a concentration of 1.3%. The diluted OP12solution clearly exhibited the photochromic effect under UV or violetlaser.

Remotely Marked Targets

Referring to FIG. 1A, showing a remote marking system 1, at least onemarker unit 10 and at least one target region 20 are provided. Themarker unit 10 may comprise at least one emitter 12 configured to emitat least one tracer signal 30. The target region 20 may comprise atleast one receiving medium 22 comprising a photosensitive materialconfigured to change its state upon reception of the tracer signalthereby recording the position at which the tracer signal 30 isreceived.

The emitter 10 may be configured to emit a tracer signal 30 comprisingelectromagnetic radiation such as visible light, infrared, ultravioletand radio waves. Accordingly the emitter 10 may be a laser, LED, opticalemitter or such like.

The receiving medium 22 may be a photosensitive material such asphotochromic materials, photoluminescent materials, phosphorescentmaterials, thermochromic materials, polarising materials or the like.The material used for the receiving medium 22 may be selected to beappropriate for the context in which the remote marking unit 1 is used,as determined by a skilled practitioner. In addition, the material usedfor the receiving medium 22 is typically selected such that a detectabletrace mark is left when the receiving medium is exposed to the tracersignal, as determined by a skilled practitioner. Further, the receivingmedium 22 may be selected with a half-life suitable to allow the tracingapparatus to self-erase over a desired time period for repeated use.Alternatively the photosensitive material may change have multiplestable states and may be reset as required after each use. See thesection “RECEIVING MEDIUM” for further discussion on the receivingmedium 22.

With reference to FIG. 1B, an alternative target 120 is shown, which mayinclude a matrix of photosensitive electronic component pixels 125selected to react to exposure to the tracer signal. For example, thetracer signal may initiate a response from one or more of thephotosensitive electronic component pixels, which may includephotodiodes, photovoltaic cells, photodetectors, photomultipliers,photoconductors and the like.

With reference to FIG. 1C, an alternative target 220 is shown, which maycomprise a matrix of pixels 225, with each pixel 225 comprising aplurality of sections (e.g., sections 226, 227, 228, 229), each sectionhaving a receiving medium, each receiving medium having individualcharacteristics. For example, a first receiving medium may be selectedsuch that, upon reception of the tracer signal, a section of the targetregion changes its appearance in a first detectable manner. The firstreceiving medium may change color upon exposure to the tracer signal. Asrequired, the color may change to: red, blue, green, black, grey, cyan,magenta, yellow, white or the like. The second receiving medium may beselected such that the target region changes its appearance in a seconddetectable manner different from that of the first receiving medium,perhaps to a different color.

Thus, for example, the target 225 may be a color target comprising anarray of target regions 225, each target region comprising foursections, each section having one of four receiving media:

-   -   a first receiving medium 226 selected such that upon reception        of the tracer signal, the color of at least a section of the        target region turns red;    -   a second receiving medium 227 selected such that upon reception        of the tracer signal, the color of at least a section of the        target region turns green;    -   a third receiving medium 228 selected such that upon reception        of the tracer signal, the color of at least a section of the        target region turns blue; and    -   a fourth receiving medium 229 selected such that upon reception        of the tracer signal, the color of at least a section of the        target region turns black.

In one other example, a color target may include sections having one offour receiving media:

-   -   a first receiving medium selected such that upon reception of        the tracer signal, the color of at least a section of the target        region turns cyan;    -   a second receiving medium selected such that upon reception of        the tracer signal, the color of at least a section of the target        region turns magenta;    -   a third receiving medium selected such that upon reception of        the tracer signal, the color of at least a section of the target        region turns yellow; and    -   a fourth receiving medium selected such that upon reception of        the tracer signal, the color of at least a section of the target        region turns black.

The target region 225 may be a pixel.

The receiving medium may be a photosensitive material such asphotochromic materials, photoluminescent materials, phosphorescentmaterials, thermochromic materials, polarising materials or the like.The material used for the receiving medium may be selected to beappropriate for the context in which the target 220 is used, asdetermined by a skilled practitioner. In addition, the material used forthe receiving medium is typically selected such that a detectable tracemark is left when the receiving medium is exposed to the tracer signal,as determined by a skilled practitioner. Further, the receiving mediummay be selected with a half-life suitable to allow the tracing apparatusto self-erase over a desired time period for repeated use. Alternativelythe photosensitive material may change have multiple stable states andmay be reset as required after each use. See the section “RECEIVINGMEDIUM” for further discussion on the receiving medium.

According to a particular embodiment of the remote marking system, adevice is provided for use in an exhibit, display or demonstration at,e.g., a science center. Interactive science centers often provideexhibits which require relatively complicated trajectories to berecorded. Examples include tracing the path of a pendulum, recordingpaths through a maze or the trajectory of a projectile. There are numberof problems associated with existing ways of recording such trajectoriesin science centers. Recording apparatus using consumables such as pensor paper require replacing regularly and, particularly when used byuntrained visitors, lead to waste, mess and high maintenance costs. Inaddition it is not easy to clear a previous path before tracing a newone. Moreover, pens and the like may be used to mark other surfaces andgraffiti the walls of the science center for example.

Referring now to FIG. 2A an example of a target 320 is shown. It isparticularly noted that the target 320 may comprise a plurality oftarget regions (e.g., 321-323), which may each have a differentreceiving medium that turns a different color upon reception of thetracer signal. Optionally, electronic optical detectors 325 may beplaced at defined locations within the target, for example, at abulls-eye. Such a target may be used in combination with an emitter, forexample in the shape of a gun (i.e., a gun-like emitter). The targetregions may be configured on the target to indicate success or extent offailure to successfully aim the gun-like emitter at the definedlocations on the target region, for example, the bulls-eye. Because thereceiving medium may be a relatively cheap material, it is possible tocover large areas of the target, thus providing a background for an areasurrounding the more costly electronic optical detector 325.

In another example, a photosensitive paint comprising the receivingmedium may be used to provide a large photosensitive surface. Accordingto a particular embodiment, the photosensitive paint may be used tocreate an extended photosensitive background for tracking the accuracyof shots from the gun-like emitter aimed at moving a target. Theextended photosensitive background may thereby indicate the strikelocations of stray shots.

The receiving medium may be a photosensitive material such asphotochromic materials, photoluminescent materials, phosphorescentmaterials, thermochromic materials, polarising materials or the like.The material used for the receiving medium may be selected to beappropriate for the context in which the target 320 is used, asdetermined by a skilled practitioner. In addition, the material used forthe receiving medium is typically selected such that a detectable tracemark is left when the receiving medium is exposed to the tracer signal,as determined by a skilled practitioner. Further, the receiving mediummay be selected with a half-life suitable to allow the tracing apparatusto self-erase over a desired time period for repeated use. Alternativelythe photosensitive material may change have multiple stable states andmay be reset as required after each use. See the section “RECEIVINGMEDIUM” for further discussion on the receiving medium.

Alternatively, a remote marking system may be incorporated into a toy, awriting apparatus, gaming device or the like.

For example, referring now to FIG. 2B, a training apparatus 410 may beprovided for novice writers or the like. The training apparatus mayinclude at least one optical pen 410 and at least one training surface420. The optical pen 410 may include an emitter (not shown) and thetraining surface 420 may include at least one receiving medium.

The receiving medium may be a photosensitive material such asphotochromic materials, photoluminescent materials, phosphorescentmaterials, thermochromic materials, polarising materials or the like.The material used for the receiving medium may be selected to beappropriate for the context in which the training apparatus 410 is used,as determined by a skilled practitioner. In addition, the material usedfor the receiving medium is typically selected such that a detectabletrace mark is left when the receiving medium is exposed to the tracersignal, as determined by a skilled practitioner. Further, the receivingmedium may be selected with a half-life suitable to allow the tracingapparatus to self-erase over a desired time period for repeated use.Alternatively the photosensitive material may change have multiplestable states and may be reset as required after each use. See thesection “RECEIVING MEDIUM” for further discussion on the receivingmedium.

The training surface 420 may have patterns 425 printed thereupon, suchas pictures, the shapes of letters, words and such like and a user maybe encouraged to trace the printed pattern using the optical pen 410.The optical pen 410 may leave a record of the path traced by the user.In certain embodiments, the training surface 420 may include more thanone receiving medium, such that a track of one color may indicatesuccessful tracing whereas a track of a different color may indicatedeviation from the correct path.

In another embodiment, optical writing may be provided by a dot matrixcomprising an array of optical emitters, such as light emitting diodesor the like, configured to illuminate a receiving medium and to leave amark thereupon.

Variously, the dot matrix may be a two dimensional array or a onedimensional array. The pixels of the array may be connected to acontroller operable to illuminate selected emitters so as to displaypredetermined patterns. Optionally, a one dimensional array may beoperable to trace a two dimensional pattern by a controller configuredto select emitters accordingly to their position over a surface, perhapsusing temporal control, such that a pattern is traced out by the pixelsas the one dimensional array passes over the surface.

Alternatively or additionally, one or more emitters may be configured toemit intermittent tracer signals. The frequency, duration and dutycycles of such intermittent tracer signals may be selected to suitvarious requirements. For example, by scanning an intermittent emitterrelative to a receiving medium, a pattern may be produced upon a targetsurface. Alternatively, a fixed frequency may be synchronized withmotion for example produce a stroboscopic trace of periodic movement forexample. Additionally, other tracer signals may be timed using variouscodes such as Morse code or the like to transfer data, perhaps secretly.

Furthermore, an emitter may be configured to emit pulses of known fixedduration. Accordingly, the rate of relative movement between the emitterand the target surface may be indicated by the length of trace left uponthe target surface.

It is particularly noted that the tracer signal produces no friction andtherefore should not affect mechanical forces acting on a system. Such aremote marking system may therefore be useful in frictionless velocitymonitoring devices, for example in scientific equipment for measurementor demonstration, pendulum monitoring or the like.

A method is taught herein for tracing the trajectory of a remote marker.The method includes: obtaining a marker unit comprising at least oneemitter; providing a target region comprising a receiving mediumconfigured to change its state upon reception of the tracer signal; themarker unit emitting a tracer signal from a remote marker; and thetarget region recording the position at which the tracer signal isreceived.

Saftey

It is noted that where high intensity light is used to form the tracersignal or a remote marker system, the signal may be hazardous and may beharmful, particularly to the eyes. This may be a significant obstacle tothe incorporation of such a remote marker system in public places suchas science centers and the like.

Reference is now made to the block diagram of FIG. 3A, representingselected elements of a remote marker system 501 which may be used toprevent high intensity tracer signals from causing a hazard.

The remote marking system 501 may include at least one marker unit 510,at least one target region 520 and at least one concentrator 540. Themarker unit 510 comprises an emitter 512 configured to emit a lowintensity tracer signal 531. The target region 520 comprises at leastone receiving medium 522 configured to change its state upon receptionof a high intensity tracer signal 532 thereby recording the position atwhich the high intensity tracer signal 532 is received. The concentrator540 is configured to transform a low intensity tracer signal 531 to ahigh intensity tracer signal 532.

The concentrator 540 may be provided to ensure that the intensity of thetracer signal incident upon the target is sufficiently high that thereceiving medium 522 responds in a detectable manner. It will beappreciated that the concentrator 540 may be of particular importancewhere a low intensity tracer signal 531 is emitted by the marker.

Optionally, the concentrator 540 may include a beam focusing device suchas a converging lens, a concave reflector, an array of angled reflectorsand the like.

The marker unit 510 may comprise an extended emitter 512 configured toemit a low intensity beam like tracer signal 531 over an extendedregion. Accordingly, the concentrator may be configured to focus the lowintensity signal 531 such that the beam is incident upon a concentratedregion of the receiving medium 522 with a greater intensity. Such anextended emitter 512 may comprise a high intensity emitter incombination with a beam disperser (not shown), such as a diverging lens,convex reflector, an array of angled reflectors and the like.

The receiving medium 522 may be a photosensitive material such asphotochromic materials, photoluminescent materials, phosphorescentmaterials, thermochromic materials, polarising materials or the like.The material used for the receiving medium 522 may be selected to beappropriate for the context in which the remote marking system 501 isused, as determined by a skilled practitioner. In addition, the materialused for the receiving medium 522 is typically selected such that adetectable trace mark is left when the receiving medium is exposed tothe tracer signal, as determined by a skilled practitioner. Further, thereceiving medium 522 may be selected with a half-life suitable to allowthe tracing apparatus to self-erase over a desired time period forrepeated use. Alternatively the photosensitive material may change havemultiple stable states and may be reset as required after each use. Seethe section “RECEIVING MEDIUM” for further discussion on the receivingmedium 522.

Referring now to FIG. 3B showing the remote marking system 601, themarker unit 610 may comprise an array of low intensity emitters 612.Accordingly, the concentrator 640 may be arranged to angle the array oflow intensity tracer signals 631 such that a high intensity tracersignal is directed towards a concentrated region of the receiving medium622 on the target region 620. For example, the concentrator 640 maycomprise an array of mirrors to direct the low intensity tracer signals631 from a plurality of emitters 612 towards the target region 620.

The receiving medium 622 may be a photosensitive material such asphotochromic materials, photoluminescent materials, phosphorescentmaterials, thermochromic materials, polarising materials or the like.The material used for the receiving medium 622 may be selected to beappropriate for the context in which the remote marking system 601 isused, as determined by a skilled practitioner. In addition, the materialused for the receiving medium 622 is typically selected such that adetectable trace mark is left when the receiving medium is exposed tothe tracer signal, as determined by a skilled practitioner. Further, thereceiving medium 622 may be selected with a half-life suitable to allowthe tracing apparatus to self-erase over a desired time period forrepeated use. Alternatively the photosensitive material may change havemultiple stable states and may be reset as required after each use. Seethe section “RECEIVING MEDIUM” for further discussion on the receivingmedium 622.

It is particularly noted that, for safety purposes, it may be necessaryto limit the intensity of the tracer signal to below a safe limit.Accordingly, a safe threshold may be determined and the emitters may beconfigured to emit the tracer signal at an intensity lower than thatthreshold.

In still other systems, a pulsed tracer signal may be producedintermittently for short duration and aimed at a particular targetregion, such that the additive effect of multiple pulses produces adetectable response in a receiving medium. This may be particularlyuseful for example with lasers which may produce beams of fixed minimumintensity.

Visual Display Unit

According to other remote marking systems, a target region may beextended into three dimensions to provide a three dimensional displayunit.

Referring to FIG. 4A, a three dimensional display device 701 is shownincluding a marker unit 710, a concentrator 740 and an extended targetregion 720. The marker unit 710 comprises at least one emitter 712configured to emit at least one low intensity tracer signal 731. Theextended target region 720 comprises at least one receiving medium 722configured to change its state upon reception of a tracer signal at anintensity above a given threshold thereby recording the position atwhich the high intensity tracer signal 732 is received. The concentrator740 is configured to focus a low intensity tracer signal 731 such thatat least a section of the target region is exposed to a high intensitytracer signal 732.

Optionally, the concentrator 740 may include a beam focusing device suchas a converging lens, a concave reflector, an array of angled reflectorsand the like. Alternatively, multiple emitters 712 capable of emittinglow intensity tracer signals 731 may be provided which may be directedtowards a common target 723 such that the intensity of the tracer signalat the common target 723 exceeds the given threshold and the receivingmedium 722 detectably changes state.

The extended target region 720 may be divided into an array of pixels orvoxels 725. Accordingly, the concentrator 740 may direct the highintensity tracer signal 732 to individual pixels or voxels 725.

It will be appreciated that in most three dimensional arrangements, manyvoxels 725 are internal and bordered on all sides by other voxels 725.In order that such internal voxels are observable, the receiving medium722 and inter-voxel partitions 760 may be translucent or transparent tovisible light. Furthermore, the receiving medium 722 and inter-voxelpartitions 760 may be translucent or transparent to the tracer signal731, 732.

A controller/scanning apparatus 711 and the like may be configured andoperable to control the emitters 712 and the concentrator 740 andthereby to select particular voxels. Accordingly, the emitter 712 may beoperable to trace an image within the target region 720. Where requireda three dimensional image may be constructed therewithin.

Furthermore, algorithms may be used to prevent earlier targeted voxelsinterfering with the targeting of subsequent voxels. For example, acontroller 711 may be configured to target the furthest or deepestvoxels first and then to target voxels progressively closer to thesurface of the target region.

Generally, the target region 720 may comprise at least a first receivingmedium selected such that upon reception of the tracer signal, at leasta section of the target region changes its appearance in a detectablemanner upon reception of the tracer signal.

Optionally, the target region comprises multiple receiving mediaselected such that upon reception of the tracer signal, at least asection of the target region changes its appearance in other distinctdetectable manner. Accordingly, receiving media may be selected suchthat upon reception of the tracer signal, the color of at least asection of the target region changes to a color selected from a groupconsisting of red, blue, green, black, grey, cyan, magenta, yellow,white or the like and combinations thereof.

Referring now to FIG. 3B, a single voxel is represented of a possiblevisual display. The voxel 725 may comprise four separate chambersdivided by intravoxel partitions 724. Each chamber contains a separatereceiving medium (726-729). Optionally, a first receiving medium 726 isselected such that, upon reception of the tracer signal, the color of atleast a section of the voxel turns red; a second receiving medium 727 isselected such that, upon reception of the tracer signal, the color of atleast a section of the voxel turns green; a third receiving medium 728is selected such that, upon reception of the tracer signal, the color ofat least a section of the voxel turns blue; and a fourth receivingmedium 729 is selected such that, upon reception of the tracer signal,the color of at least a section of the voxel turns black. Alternatively,a first receiving medium 726 is selected such that, upon reception ofthe tracer signal, the color of at least a section of the voxel turnscyan; a second receiving medium 727 is selected such that, uponreception of the tracer signal, the color of at least a section of thevoxel turns magenta; a third receiving medium 728 is selected such that,upon reception of the tracer signal, the color of at least a section ofthe voxel turns yellow; and a fourth receiving medium 729 is selectedsuch that, upon reception of the tracer signal, the color of at least asection of the voxel turns black.

The receiving medium may be a photosensitive material such asphotochromic materials, photoluminescent materials, phosphorescentmaterials, thermochromic materials, polarising materials or the like.The material used for the receiving medium may be selected to beappropriate for the context in which the three dimensional displaydevice 701 is used, as determined by a skilled practitioner. Inaddition, the material used for the receiving medium is typicallyselected such that a detectable trace mark is left when the receivingmedium is exposed to the tracer signal, as determined by a skilledpractitioner. Further, the receiving medium may be selected with ahalf-life suitable to allow the tracing apparatus to self-erase over adesired time period for repeated use. Alternatively the photosensitivematerial may change have multiple stable states and may be reset asrequired after each use. See the section “RECEIVING MEDIUM” for furtherdiscussion on the receiving medium.

Where required, receiving media with short half-lives may be providedsuch that the image may be updated at high frequency to provide arapidly changing three dimensional display. It is noted that, incombination with an emitter connected to a suitable controller andscanning mechanism, a three dimensional moving image may be generated.

Accordingly, a method is taught for producing three dimensional imagescomprising: obtaining a marker unit comprising at least one emitterconfigured to emit at least one tracer signal; obtaining a target regionextended into three dimensions comprising at least one receiving mediumconfigured to change its state upon reception of a tracer signal; andthe marker emitting tracer signals such that they are incident uponsections of the target region, the sections of the target region beingselected such that the state of the receiving medium within the sectionsis detectably altered.

Flow Monitor

Efficient fluid flow through piping systems is important in the deliveryand distribution of many fluids on many scales. Monitoring of fluid flowthrough such systems may be helpful in designing fluid systems such aswater distribution systems, hydraulic systems, oil distribution systemsand fuel lines to ensure that piping is sufficient. Water systems, forexample, often suffer from fluid hammer when a pressure wave changesdirection suddenly and may produce high stresses upon sections of apipeline. Fluid hammer may cause pipes to burst or otherwise becomedamaged or weakened.

Furthermore, monitoring of fluid flow is central to the efficienthydrodynamic and aerodynamic design of various devices such aspropellers, pumps, watercraft, aircraft and the like.

Known flow monitors typically inject a small quantity of a tracer fluidinto the fluid to be monitored. However, the injection of tracer fluidrepresents an intrusion into the system. Such an intrusion may result inturbulence or the like which may interfere with the natural flow of thefluid.

Alternatively flow monitors such as the kalliroscope may use rheoscopicfluids to make visible the direction of flow within a system. Rheoscopicfluids are suspensions of ellipsoidal platelets which may align theirlarger dimensions with the shear planes of flowing liquid. However,particles within suspensions such as rheoscopic fluids tend to settleover time. Furthermore, measurement of flow rates using kalliroscopesare notoriously inaccurate.

It is particularly noted that remote markers such as described hereinmay be incorporated into devices for monitoring fluid flow in anon-intrusive manner. Reference is now made to FIG. 5A showing a flowmonitor 801, where a tracer fluid 820 is free to flow through a sectionof piping 850. A tracer signal 830 is directed towards a position 825 inthe tracer fluid 820 such that the spot changes its state in adetectable manner.

The subsequent path of the detectable spot 826 may be tracked usingdetectors 870, cameras or other suitable tracking devices. Accordingly,the flow monitor 801 may comprise at least one marker unit 810comprising at least one emitter 812 configured to emit at least onetracer signal 831 towards a flowing tracer fluid 820, possibly a flowingliquid or gas. The tracer fluid 820 comprises at least one receivingmedium 822 configured to change its state upon reception of a highintensity tracer signal or a convergence of multiple low intensitytracer signals thereby recording the position 825 at which the tracersignals are received.

Optionally, the flow monitor may further comprise detectors 890 operableto detect changes in the receiving medium 822 of the tracer fluid 820.Such detectors may include single sensors, multiple sensors, stillcameras, video cameras, stroboscopic cameras or the like. It is notedthat where required the sampling rate of a detector may be synchronizedwith the emission rate of the marker unit.

It is noted that the flow monitor 801 may be used to monitor the flow ofa fluid, possibly through a piping system, or alternatively thediffusion, dispersion or circulation of fluid.

It is noted that the marker unit 810 may be external to the fluid flowand configured to aim a tracer signal 830 thereinto. See, e.g., FIG. 5A.Alternatively or additionally, marker units 810 may be situated insidethe fluid flow 820 itself. For example, an array of emitters 812 (e.g.,LED emitters) may be provided across the width of a pipe to allow theprofile of fluid flow visualized at the subsequent paths of thedetectable spots 826 to be detected. See, .e.g, FIG. 5B.

Where required, the duration or duty cycle of the maker unit may beselected to suit requirements. For example, the length of a portion oftracer fluid that has been transformed into a detectable state by anemitted tracer signal of fixed duration pulse may allow the rate offluid flow to be measured directly. See, e.g., FIG. 5B that shows anarray of emitters 812 used to demonstrate the profile of fluid flow pastan obstruction 860.

The receiving medium 822 may be a photosensitive material such asphotochromic materials, photoluminescent materials, phosphorescentmaterials, thermochromic materials, polarising materials or the like.The material used for the receiving medium 822 may be selected to beappropriate for the context in which the flow monitor 801 is used, asdetermined by a skilled practitioner. In addition, the material used forthe receiving medium 822 is typically selected such that a detectabletrace mark is left when the receiving medium is exposed to the tracersignal, as determined by a skilled practitioner. Further, the receivingmedium may be selected with a half-life suitable to allow the tracingapparatus to self-erase over a desired time period for repeated use.Alternatively the photosensitive material may change have multiplestable states and may be reset as required after each use. See thesection “RECEIVING MEDIUM” for further discussion on the receivingmedium 822.

A method is taught for monitoring fluid flow comprising: providing atleast one marker unit configured to emit at least one tracer signal;providing at least one tracer fluid comprising a receiving medium; atleast one marker unit emitting a tracer signal towards the tracer fluid;detecting changes in the tracer fluid indicating material exposed to thetracer signal; and tracking the progress of the exposed material alongthe fluid flow.

Electronic Signature Capture

Electronic signature capture devices are devices, which may capture andsave signatures, for example, in order to electronically sign documents.For example, customer signature verification may be provided for a pointof sale transaction or the like.

Electronic signature capture devices typically comprise a touchsensitive pad and a stylus. The touch sensitive pad may be operable torecord the track of the stylus over the pad. Thus when the stylus isused to write a signature, the signature may be recorded, perhapsdigitally.

Although the signature may be stored without any visible trace beingleft on the pad, a signer may prefer to see their own signature.Feedback may be provided, for example using a touch sensitive screenconfigured to display the signature back to the signer in real time.However, it will be appreciated that this may add considerably to thecomplexity and cost of such a device.

It is noted that photosensitive markers, such as described herein, maybe further incorporated into a virtual writing system to provide auseful feedback mechanism for the signer.

Referring to FIG. 6A, a virtual writing system 901 is disclosedcomprising: a stylus 910 and a touch pad 920 configured to record thetrack of the stylus. The touch pad 920 comprises a touch sensitivesurface (not shown) coated with at least one receiving medium 922configured to change its optical state upon reception of a tracer signal930. The stylus 910 comprises an emitter 912 configured to emit a tracersignal 930 such that a visible track is left upon the touch pad 920.

The receiving medium 922 may be a photosensitive material such asphotochromic materials, photoluminescent materials, phosphorescentmaterials, thermochromic materials, polarising materials or the like.The material used for the receiving medium 922 may be selected to beappropriate for the context in which the virtual writing system 901 isused, as determined by a skilled practitioner. In addition, the materialused for the receiving medium 922 is typically selected such that adetectable trace mark is left when the receiving medium is exposed tothe tracer signal, as determined by a skilled practitioner. Further, thereceiving medium 922 may be selected with a half-life suitable to allowthe tracing apparatus to self-erase over a desired time period forrepeated use. Alternatively the photosensitive material may change havemultiple stable states and may be reset as required after each use. Seethe section “RECEIVING MEDIUM” for further discussion on the receivingmedium 922.

Referring now to the block diagram of FIG. 6B, according to someembodiments, the virtual writing system 901 may further include aninductive power transfer system for transferring power to the styluscordlessly. The inductive power transfer system may include an inductivepower receiver 950 incorporated into the stylus 910 which is operable toreceive power from an inductive power transmitter 960 perhapsincorporated into the touch pad 920. Such an inductive power transmitter960 may be incorporated into the touch pad 920 such that the stylus 910emits a tracer signal 930 when in proximity thereto.

The inductive power transmitter 960 may include a primary inductor 965connected to a power source (not shown) via a driver 966. The driver 966may be operable to supply an oscillating potential across the primaryinductor 965 thereby creating an oscillating magnetic field in itsvicinity. The inductive power receiver 950 may include a secondaryinductor 955 wired to the emitter 912. When the secondary inductor 955is placed in the oscillating magnetic field, an oscillating potential isinduced thereacross which may be used to supply power to the emitter.Where required a power regulator 956 may be provided, for example, toprovide current rectification in the receiving unit where required.

The emitter 912 may be configured to emit a tracer 930 signal ofelectromagnetic radiation such as visible light, infrared, ultraviolet,microwaves or radio waves or combinations thereof.

Methods are taught for capturing an electronic signature comprising:obtaining a touch pad coated with a receiving medium; obtaining anemitter.

Harmonograph

FIG. 7A shows a harmonograph 1001 incorporating another embodiment ofthe remote marker. The harmonograph 1001 may be operable to tracegeometrical drawings, such as ellipses, spirals, figure eights, otherLissajous figures or the like upon a surface.

The harmonograph 1001 may include a pendulum 1100 and a base unit 1200.The pendulum 1100 may comprise a pivoting apparatus 1150, a bob 1170 anda connecting rod 1160 therebetween. At least one emitter 1112 may beincorporated into the bob 1170 of the pendulum 1100 and directed towardsthe base 1220. At least one receiving medium 1222 may be provided in thebase selected such that it may change its appearance detectably uponreception of a tracer signal (not shown).

The receiving medium 1222 may be a photosensitive material such asphotochromic materials, photoluminescent materials, phosphorescentmaterials, thermochromic materials, polarising materials or the like.The material used for the receiving medium 1222 may be selected to beappropriate for the context in which the harmonograph 1001 is used, asdetermined by a skilled practitioner. In addition, the material used forthe receiving medium 1222 is typically selected such that a detectabletrace mark is left when the receiving medium is exposed to the tracersignal, as determined by a skilled practitioner. Further, the receivingmedium 1222 may be selected with a half-life suitable to allow thetracing apparatus to self-erase over a desired time period for repeateduse. Alternatively the photosensitive material may change have multiplestable states and may be reset as required after each use. See thesection “RECEIVING MEDIUM” for further discussion on the receivingmedium 1222.

Accordingly, a two dimensional projection of the motion of the pendulumbob may be recorded upon the base 1220. The motion of the pendulum bob1170 will typically depend upon various parameters including the natureof the pivoting apparatus 1150. It is particularly noted that a pivotingapparatus 1150 may include multiple axes at different distances from thebob 1170.

Referring to FIG. 7B, for the purposes of illustration only, in oneparticular embodiment of the pivoting apparatus, the connecting rod iscoupled to a first oscillation plate 1151, which is configured to pivotabout a first fulcrum 1152 mounted to a second oscillation plate 1153,which itself configured to pivot about a second fulcrum 1154 mounted toa support 1055. The pivoting axis of each oscillation plate may beindependent. It is further noted that the frequency of oscillationassociated with each of the oscillation plates 1151, 1153 are typicallydifferent. Where required, an adjustment mechanism may be provided bywhich the distance between the first oscillation plate 1151 and thesecond oscillation plate 1153 may be changed to tune the oscillationfrequency to suit requirements.

In some embodiments, the base unit 1200 may include a primary inductor(not shown) connected to a power source (not shown) via a driver (notshown). The driver (not shown) may be operable to supply an oscillatingpotential across the primary inductor (not shown) thereby creating anoscillating magnetic field in its vicinity. Accordingly, the bob 1170may include a secondary inductor (not shown) wired to the emitter 1112.When the secondary inductor (not shown) is placed in the oscillatingmagnetic field, an oscillating potential is induced thereacross whichmay be used to supply power to the emitter (1112). Where required, apower regulator may be provided (not shown), for example, to providecurrent rectification in the receiving unit (not shown).

Optionally, the electrical supply to the emitter 1112 may be controlledby a switch (not shown), thereby allowing a user to select when thetracer signal is emitted and when not. Alternatively, the duration andtiming of the tracer signal may be determined automatically, perhapsbeing synchronized with extremities of motion or the like.

Still other embodiments will occur to the man of the art. Further, itwill be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art the systems,methods and compositions described herein may be adapted and modified asis appropriate for the application being addressed and that the systems,methods and compositions described herein may be employed in othersuitable applications, and that such other additions and modificationswill not depart from the scope hereof.

What is claimed is:
 1. A remote marking system comprising: at least onemarker unit; at least one target region; and at least one concentrator,wherein said marker unit comprises at least one emitter configured toemit at least one low intensity tracer signal, wherein said targetregion comprises at least one receiving medium configured to change itsstate upon reception of a high intensity tracer signal thereby recordingthe position at which said high intensity tracer signal is received, andwherein said concentrator is configured to transform a low intensitytracer signal to a high intensity tracer signal.
 2. The system of claim1 wherein said concentrator comprises a beam focusing device selectedfrom a group consisting of: a converging lens, a concave reflector, anarray of angled reflectors and combinations thereof.
 3. The system ofclaim 1 wherein said marker unit comprises an extended emitter operableto emit a low intensity tracer signal over an extended region and saidconcentrator is configured to focus said low intensity signal such thatit is incident upon a concentrated region of said receiving medium. 4.The system of claim 2 wherein said extended emitter comprises a highintensity emitter and a beam disperser selected from a group consistingof: a diverging lens, convex reflector, an array of angled reflectorsand combinations thereof.
 5. The system of claim 2 wherein said extendedemitter comprises an array of low intensity emitters.
 6. The system ofclaim 5 wherein said concentrator comprises said array of low intensityemitters being angled towards a concentrated region of said receivingmedium.
 7. The system of claim 1 wherein said emitter is configured toemit a tracer signal at an intensity lower than a first threshold. 8.The system of claim 2 wherein said first threshold is selected to besafe.
 9. The system of claim 1 wherein said receiving medium isconfigured to record the position of a tracer signal received above asecond threshold.
 10. The system of claim 1 wherein at least one saidreceiving medium comprises a photosensitive material selected from thegroup consisting of: photochromic materials, photoluminescent materials,phosphorescent materials, thermochromic materials and polarisingmaterials.
 11. The system of claim 1 wherein at least one said receivingmedium comprises a photosensitive material selected from the groupconsisting of: a matrix of photosensitive electronic components selectedfrom the group consisting of: photodiodes, photovoltaic cells,photodetectors, photomultipliers and photoconductors.
 12. The system ofclaim 1 comprising at least a first target region comprising a firstreceiving medium and a second target region comprising a secondreceiving medium wherein, upon reception of said tracer signal, saidfirst receiving medium changes its appearance in a first detectablemanner and said second receiving medium changes its appearance in asecond detectable manner.
 13. The system of claim 1 wherein said targetcomprises a plurality of target regions, each of said target regioncomprising: a first receiving medium selected such that upon receptionof said tracer signal, the color of at least a section of said targetregion turns red; a second receiving medium selected such that uponreception of said tracer signal, the color of at least a section of saidtarget region turns green; a third receiving medium selected such thatupon reception of said tracer signal, the color of at least a section ofsaid target region turns blue; and a fourth receiving medium selectedsuch that upon reception of said tracer signal, the color of at least asection of said target region turns black.
 14. The system of claim 13wherein said plurality of target regions is arranged into an array. 15.The system of claim 1 incorporated into a device selected from the groupconsisting of: a device for providing a demonstration in a sciencecenter, a visual display unit, a harmonograph, a toy, a flow monitor anda writing apparatus.
 16. The system of claim 1 further comprising aconcentrator configured to increase the intensity of the tracer signal,wherein said concentrator comprises a beam focusing device selected froma group consisting of: a converging lens, a concave reflector, an arrayof angled reflectors and combinations thereof.
 17. A flow monitorcomprising at least one marker unit configured to emit at least onetracer signal towards a tracer fluid, said tracer fluid comprising atleast one receiving medium configured to change its state upon receptionof a high intensity tracer signal thereby recording the position atwhich said high intensity tracer signal is received.
 18. The flowmonitor of claim 17 further comprising detectors operable to detectchanges in the receiving medium of said tracer fluid.
 19. The flowmonitor of claim 17 wherein said tracer fluid comprises a flowing liquidor gas.
 20. A method for monitoring fluid flow comprising: providing atleast one marker unit configured to emit at least one tracer signal;providing at least one tracer fluid; at least one marker emitting atracer signal towards said tracer fluid; detecting changes in saidtracer fluid indicating material exposed to said tracer signal; andtracking the progress of the exposed material along said fluid flow.